SS-31 (Elamipretide) is the Szeto-Schiller mitochondrial-targeted tetrapeptide — selectively partitioning to the inner mitochondrial membrane via cardiolipin binding for electron transport chain and bioenergetics research.

Epitalon is the synthetic tetrapeptide bioregulator (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly) developed by Professor Vladimir Khavinson from research on the pineal extract Epithalamin — a foundational telomere-biology research tool.

A complete 2026 scientific overview of the major cognitive and neurological research peptide compounds — covering BDNF, GABA-A, HGF/MET, neurotrophic mixture, and TREK-1 channel pharmacology research.

PE-22-28 is a synthetic spadin analogue and TREK-1 channel blocker — a research tool for investigating rapid-onset antidepressant mechanisms distinct from monoamine reuptake inhibition.

Cerebrolysin is a standardised porcine brain-derived neuropeptide mixture containing four major neurotrophic factors (BDNF, NGF, CNTF, GDNF) — a multi-factor research tool for neurodegeneration studies.

Dihexa is an orally bioavailable angiotensin IV analogue developed at Washington State University — a research tool for synaptogenesis pharmacology via the HGF/c-Met receptor cascade, distinct from BDNF/TrkB signalling.

Semax and Selank are two synthetic heptapeptides developed at the Russian Academy of Sciences — both supplied as nasal solutions for cognitive and anxiolytic research.

MOTS-c is a mitochondrial-derived peptide encoded within the 12S rRNA gene — a research tool for AMPK pathway activation and mitochondrial-to-nuclear retrograde signalling investigation.

IGF-1 LR3 is the engineered Long Arg3 analogue of insulin-like growth factor 1 — designed to escape IGF-binding-protein sequestration and extend preclinical half-life by orders of magnitude.

A research-tool comparison of the two foundational GHRH analogues: Sermorelin (short-acting GHRH 1-29) and CJC-1295 (DAC-modified extended half-life GHRH analogue).